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The task of predicting disease phenotype from gene expression data has been addressed hundreds if not thousands of times in the recent literature. This expanding body of work is not only an indication that the problem is of great importance and general interest, but it also reveals that neither the experimental nor the computational limitations of translating data to disease information have been satisfactorily understood. To contribute to the advancement of the field, promote collaborative thinking and enable a fair and unbiased comparison of methods, IMPROVER revisited the problem of gene-expression to phenotype prediction using a collaborative-competition paradigm. This special issue of Systems Biomedicine reports the results of the sbv IMPROVER Diagnostic Signature Challenge designed to identify best analytic approaches to predict phenotype from gene expression data.
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Reduced Risk Products ("RRPs”) is the term we use to refer to products that present, are likely to present, or have the potential to present less risk of harm to smokers who switch to these products versus continuing smoking. PMI has a range of RRPs in various stages of development, scientific assessment and commercialization. All of our RRPs are smoke-free products that deliver nicotine with far lower quantities of harmful and potentially harmful constituents than found in cigarette smoke.