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January 4, 2016
There is no burning in Platform 1
We have conducted several studies to demonstrate the absence of combustion in Platform 1, including temperature measurements, experiments demonstrating the absence of net exothermic processes, and measurements of constituents that represent typical markers of combustion. Our studies also support that the aerosol of Platform 1 does not contain solid particles that are produced when tobacco is burned. In addition, since burning requires oxygen, we have tested Platform 1 in an oxygen-free atmosphere. The results showed that oxygen does not play a major role in the thermo-chemical degradation of the Platform 1 tobacco or the aerosol formation. Combustion does not occur during Platform 1 use.
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June 2, 2016
Platform 1 aerosol contains significantly lower levels of harmful chemicals than smoke from a standard reference cigarette (3R4F)
We measured a number of harmful chemicals in the aerosol of Platform 1 and compared them to the levels found in the smoke of a standard reference cigarette (3R4F). A 95% reduction on average of these HPHCs in Platform 1 aerosol was observed.
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December 10, 2015
Platform 1 aerosol is less toxic than smoke from a standard reference cigarette (3R4F)
We have conducted a series of tests to compare the toxicity of Platform 1 aerosol with that of the smoke from a standard reference cigarette (3R4F). In our laboratories, we observed a substantial reduction in toxicity of Platform 1 aerosol compared to cigarette smoke.
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October 1, 2016
Using Platform 1 indoors does not adversely affect overall indoor air quality
Measuring air quality markers in accordance with international guidelines allows to assess the quality of indoor air. We measured 24 compounds in our studies, when using Platform 1, the levels of 21 of these compounds did not increase beyond the levels already present as background in our dedicated Indoor Air Quality room. Only nicotine, acetaldehyde and glycerin were measurably higher than the background, although well below the exposure limits established in air quality guidelines.
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October 6, 2016
Platform 1 aerosol consists of droplets of similar size as those found in cigarette smoke
When tobacco is heated in Platform 1, an aerosol – which consists of small liquid droplets suspended in a gas – is produced. The typical droplet size found in the aerosol of Platform 1 has been engineered to be similar to the droplet and particle sizes found in cigarette smoke. The correct particle size distribution contributes to our goal of creating a sensory experience comparable to smoking. This is important for user satisfaction, and also for increasing the likelihood that smokers who choose to continue using tobacco completely switch to Platform 1.
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June 16, 2016
Smokers switching completely to Platform 1 were exposed to lower levels of harmful chemicals compared to those who continued smoking
In our 5-day and 90-day clinical reduced exposure studies, we measured biomarkers in the blood and urine representing exposure to selected harmful chemicals. We found that levels of 15 biomarkers of exposure in participants switching completely to Platform 1 were comparable to the levels of those who quit smoking for the duration of the study. In both cases, the levels remained significantly below those observed in subjects who continued smoking during the study.
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July 1, 2016
When switching to Platform 1, the nicotine uptake and urge-to-smoke scores were comparable to those measured in subjects who continued smoking
We have shown that the level of nicotine, and the timing of its peak concentration in the blood, were comparable for smokers and for subjects who switched to Platform 1. Furthermore, the urge-to-smoke scores were similar for smokers and switchers. This suggests that switchers do not seek to use Platform 1 more frequently than smokers seek to use cigarettes, and that switchers can find Platform 1 acceptable and satisfying.
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March 15, 2017
Our studies showed a low intent to use Platform 1 among non-smokers
For smoke-free products to have an overall positive impact on public health, it is important that non-smokers do not start using them, and that smokers who intend to quit are not dissuaded by these products. In a pre-market setting, our studies conducted in the U.S. showed that low proportions of non-smokers expressed intent to use Platform 1 (up to 6.4%), in contrast to substantial proportions of current adult smokers (up to 39%). Moreover, smokers should understand that quitting is the best way to reduce smoking-related health risks, and that these products are only for smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke. Furthermore, we have shown that smokers correctly understand that switching to Platform 1 presents less risk of harm than continued smoking, while not being risk free.
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October 16, 2019
70% of smokers who switch to Platform 1 use it exclusively or together with other smoke-free products
Cross-sectional studies on the adult population from Japan, our most advanced market for Platform 1, were conducted in four waves per year, with the first two years’ results currently available. These studies show that around 70% of Platform 1 users are using the product either exclusively or in combination with other smoke-free products. Further, the rates of initiation in never smokers and relapse of former smokers are in the low single digits.
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October 17, 2019
Platform 1 aerosol discolors teeth significantly less than cigarette smoke
Our studies on human teeth demonstrate the reduced discoloration effects of Platform 1 aerosol compared to the smoke of a 3R4F cigarette. Teeth that had cavities filled with dental resins were exposed to cigarette smoke or Platform 1 aerosol for four days a week, followed by brushing and incubation. After three weeks of such exposure, cigarette smoke exposure caused an overall larger color change compared with Platform 1 aerosol exposure. Exposure to cigarette smoke also caused mismatches between the tooth and the dental resins while Platform 1 aerosol exposure did not.
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November 17, 2015
Unlike cigarette smoke, Platform 1 aerosol does not cause emphysema in mice
Emphysema is the destruction of lung tissue which occurs in up to 25% of smokers. This pathology can be mimicked in mice by exposing them to cigarette smoke for up to eight months. Unlike smoke from a standard reference cigarette (3R4F), the aerosol of Platform 1 did not induce emphysema in mice during this period.
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November 25, 2015
Unlike cigarette smoke, Platform 1 aerosol does not increase atherosclerosis in mice
Atherosclerosis is the deposition of fatty plaques in the arteries that occurs in up to 30% of smokers, which is higher than in non-smokers. The disease can be mimicked by exposing mice to cigarette smoke for eight months. Unlike smoke from a standard reference cigarette (3R4F), the aerosol of Platform 1 did not increase atherosclerotic plaques in mice during this period.
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August 19, 2019
Unlike cigarette smoke, Platform 1 aerosol does not lead to increased lung tumor incidence and multiplicity in a mouse model
A study was conducted to compare carcinogenic effects of Platform 1 aerosol with 3R4F cigarette smoke over the lifetime (18 months) of A/J mice. The number of mice who developed tumors (incidence) and the number of tumors per animal (multiplicity) were significantly lower in Platform 1 aerosol exposed mice than in those exposed to cigarette smoke. Incidence and multiplicity were similar in the mice exposed to fresh air and those exposed to Platform 1 aerosol.
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November 25, 2015
Switching from cigarettes to Platform 1 yields comparable results to cessation in mice
In the experiments that focused on emphysema and atherosclerosis in mice, we simulated smoking cessation by switching the exposure to air after an initial two months of exposure to cigarette smoke. We observed that the lungs of these mice began to recover and there was no worsening of atherosclerosis. Consistently with this finding, we observed that switching from cigarettes to Platform 1 yields comparable results to cessation in mice.
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June 15, 2018
Clinical findings indicate that switching to Platform 1 may have a positive impact on smokers' health
In a six-month clinical study complemented by a six-month extension study, we measured eight health indicators that are known to change favorably when you quit smoking. We observed that after switching from smoking to Platform 1 for six months, all these indicators improved as expected upon smoking cessation, five of them with statistical significance. The data from the six-month extension study are currently under review.
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June 2, 2014
Platform 2’s aerosol is less toxic than smoke from a standard reference cigarette (3R4F)
We have conducted a series of toxicity tests on Platform 2’s aerosol, which we compared to smoke from a standard reference cigarette (3R4F). In our laboratories, we observed a substantial reduction in toxicity of the aerosol of Platform 2 compared to cigarette smoke.
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January 27, 2016
Smokers switching to Platform 2 were exposed to lower levels of harmful chemicals compared to those who continued smoking
In our 5-day clinical reduced exposure studies, we measured biological markers in the blood and urine representing exposure to selected HPHCs, which we refer to as biomarkers of exposure. We found that levels of these biomarkers of exposure in participants switching completely to Platform 2 were comparable to the levels of those who quit smoking for the duration of the study. In both cases, the levels remained well below those observed in subjects who continued smoking during the study.
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January 27, 2016
When switching to Platform 2, the nicotine uptake and urge-to-smoke scores were comparable to those measured in continuing smokers
We have shown that the level of nicotine in the blood was comparable for smokers and for subjects who switched to Platform 2. Furthermore, the urge-to-smoke scores were the same for smokers and switchers suggesting that switchers do not seek to use Platform 2 more frequently than smokers and would find Platform 2 to be an acceptable alternative to smoking.
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April 22, 2015
Unlike cigarette smoke, Platform 2’s aerosol does not cause emphysema in mice
Emphysema is the destruction of lung tissue which occurs in up to 25% of smokers. This pathology can be mimicked in mice by exposing them to cigarette smoke for up to 8 months. Unlike smoke from a standard reference cigarette (3R4F), the aerosol of Platform 2 did not induce emphysema in mice during this period.
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October 1, 2016
Using our tested e-cigarettes indoors has no negative impact on the overall air quality
The quality of indoor air can be evaluated by measuring air quality markers in accordance with international guidelines. In an exploratory study performed with three different e-cigarettes, five out of eight measured air quality indicators remained comparable to the levels already present as background in our dedicated Indoor Air Quality room. Nicotine, glycerol and propylene glycol - these latter two are aerosol formers of e-cigarettes and are not listed as Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents - were noticeably higher than the background but well below the air guidelines. Nicotine remained far below the guidelines for exposure limits that exist for this compound.
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